ECO 2026 · PMBOK 7 · ISO 21502
Project Management Terms: Bilingual PM Glossary
A bilingual A–Z glossary of project management terms in English and Arabic, with every definition anchored to the PMP Examination Content Outline 2026, PMBOK Guide 7th Edition and ISO 21502:2020.
What this glossary of project management terms covers
Each entry gives the English and Arabic term, an exam-ready definition, synonyms, abbreviation, category and the standards it maps to. Browse the A–Z index below, filter by ECO 2026 domain or approach, or search any project management term, synonym or acronym to open its full definition page.
Filter by ECO 2026 domain (People, Process, Business Environment), PMBOK 7 performance domain, delivery approach, or the legacy PMBOK 6 knowledge area.
Knowledge area (PMBOK 6, legacy)
170 published terms·Last updated
A
- Acceptance Criteriaمعايير القبولA set of conditions that is required to be met before deliverables are accepted.
- Accepted Deliverableالتسليم المقبولA deliverable that has been formally signed off and approved by the customer or sponsor.
- Active Listeningالاستماع الفعالA communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what they hear to confirm understanding.
- Activity Attributesسمات النشاطMultiple attributes associated with each schedule activity that can be included within the activity list.
- Activity Listقائمة الأنشطةA documented tabulation of schedule activities that shows the activity description, identifier, and a sufficiently detailed scope of work description.
- Actual Cost (AC)التكلفة الفعليةThe realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period.
- AgreementالاتفاقيةA mutually binding document that obligates the seller to provide specified products or services and obligates the buyer to pay for them.
- Analogous Estimatingالتقدير المماثلA technique for estimating the duration or cost of an activity or project using historical data from a similar activity or project.
- Appraisal Costتكلفة الفحصThe cost of evaluating, measuring, auditing, and testing products or services to assure conformance to requirements.
- AssumptionالافتراضA factor in the planning process that is considered to be true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration.
B
- Baselineخط الأساسThe approved version of a work product that can be changed only through formal change control procedures.
- Basis of Estimatesأساس التقديراتDocumentation of the basis of the cost or duration estimates, including how they were developed and the confidence level.
- Benchmarkingالمقارنة المعياريةThe comparison of actual or planned products, processes, and practices to those of comparable organizations.
- Benefits Management Planخطة إدارة المنافعA document that describes how and when the benefits of a project or program will be delivered and measured.
- Bidder Conferenceمؤتمر البائعينA meeting with prospective sellers prior to the preparation of a bid or proposal to ensure that all have a clear understanding of the procurement requirements.
- Bottom-Up Estimatingالتقدير من أسفل إلى أعلىA method of estimating project duration or cost by aggregating the estimates of lower-level components.
- Budget at Completion (BAC)الميزانية عند الاكتمالThe sum of all budgets established for the work to be performed.
- Business Caseدراسة الجدوىA documented economic feasibility study used to establish the validity of the benefits of a selected component lacking sufficient definition.
- Business Valueالقيمة التجاريةThe net quantifiable benefit derived from a business endeavor that may be tangible, intangible, or both.
C
- Cause and Effect Diagramمخطط السبب والنتيجةA decomposition technique that helps trace an undesirable effect back to its root cause. Also known as fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
- Change Controlالتحكم في التغييراتA process whereby all change requests are reviewed and approved or rejected by a responsible authority.
- Change Control Board (CCB)مجلس التحكم في التغييراتA formally chartered group responsible for reviewing, evaluating, approving, delaying, or rejecting changes to the project.
- Change Requestطلب التغييرA formal proposal to modify any document, deliverable, or baseline.
- Claims Administrationإدارة المطالباتThe process of processing, adjudicating, and communicating contract claims between the buyer and seller.
- Closed Procurementsالمشتريات المغلقةProcurements that have been completed and formally closed in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
- Communication Methodsطرق الاتصالThe approaches used to exchange information, including interactive, push, and pull communication.
- Communication Requirements Analysisتحليل متطلبات الاتصالA technique to determine the information needs of project stakeholders through interviews, workshops, and document analysis.
- Communication Styles Assessmentتقييم أساليب الاتصالA technique to evaluate how stakeholders prefer to send and receive information to tailor communications effectively.
- Communication Technologyتقنية الاتصالThe tools, techniques, and methods used to transfer information among project stakeholders.
- Communications Management Planخطة إدارة الاتصالاتA component of the project management plan that describes how, when, and by whom information about the project will be administered and disseminated.
- Configuration Managementإدارة التكوينA collection of formal activities used to apply technical and administrative direction and surveillance to identify and document functional and physical characteristics.
- Conflict Managementإدارة الصراعThe process of handling disagreements and conflicts among project stakeholders in a constructive manner.
- ConstraintالقيدA limiting factor that affects the execution of a project, program, portfolio, or process.
- Contingency Reserveاحتياطي الطوارئBudget within the cost baseline or performance measurement baseline allocated for identified risks that are accepted.
- Control Chartمخطط التحكمA graphic display of process data over time and against established control limits, used to determine if the process is within acceptable limits.
- Corrective Actionالإجراء التصحيحيAn intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the project management plan.
- Cost Baselineخط الأساس للتكلفةThe approved version of the time-phased project budget, excluding any management reserves.
- Cost Estimateتقدير التكلفةA quantitative assessment of the likely costs for resources required to complete schedule activities.
- Cost of Quality (COQ)تكلفة الجودةAll costs incurred over the life of the product by investment in preventing nonconformance to requirements and appraising the product.
- Cost Performance Index (CPI)مؤشر أداء التكلفةA measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources expressed as the ratio of earned value to actual cost.
- Cost Variance (CV)تباين التكلفةThe amount of budget deficit or surplus at a given point in time, expressed as the difference between earned value and actual cost.
- Cost-Reimbursable Contractعقد استرداد التكاليفA type of contract involving payment to the seller for the seller's actual costs, plus a fee typically representing seller's profit.
- Crashingالاختصار/التكثيفA technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources.
- Critical Path Method (CPM)طريقة المسار الحرجA method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model.
- Cultural Awarenessالوعي الثقافيThe understanding of how cultural differences among stakeholders can affect project communications and interactions.
D
- DecompositionالتجزئةA technique used for dividing and subdividing the project scope and project deliverables into smaller, more manageable parts.
- Defect Repairإصلاح العيبAn intentional activity to modify a nonconforming product or product component.
- DeliverableالتسليمAny unique and verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that is required to be produced to complete a process, phase, or project.
- Direction of Influenceاتجاه التأثيرA stakeholder classification approach that groups stakeholders according to their ability to influence the project from above, below, sideways, or externally.
E
- Early Finish (EF)النهاية المبكرةThe earliest possible point in time when the uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can finish.
- Early Start (ES)البداية المبكرةThe earliest possible point in time when the uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can start.
- Earned Value (EV)القيمة المكتسبةThe measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work.
- Earned Value Management (EVM)إدارة القيمة المكتسبةA methodology that combines scope, schedule, and resource measurements to assess project performance and progress.
- Emotional Intelligence (EQ)الذكاء العاطفيThe ability to identify, assess, and manage the personal emotions of oneself and other people, as well as of groups.
- Engagement Levelمستوى الإشراكThe degree to which a stakeholder is actively involved with and supportive of the project, ranging from unaware to leading.
- Enterprise Environmental Factorsالعوامل البيئية المؤسسيةConditions that are not under the immediate control of the team that influence, constrain, or direct the project.
- Estimate at Completion (EAC)التقدير عند الاكتمالThe expected total cost of completing all work expressed as the sum of the actual cost to date and the estimate to complete.
- Estimate to Complete (ETC)تقدير الإتمامThe expected cost to finish all the remaining project work.
- Expected Monetary Value (EMV)القيمة النقدية المتوقعةThe product of an event's probability of occurrence and the value of its impact, used to quantify risks.
F
- Failure Costتكلفة الفشلThe cost resulting from products or services not conforming to requirements or customer needs.
- Fallback Planالخطة البديلةA plan that is implemented if a selected risk response strategy is not fully effective or an accepted risk occurs.
- Fast Trackingالتتبع السريعA schedule compression technique in which activities or phases normally done in sequence are performed in parallel for at least a portion of their duration.
- Feedbackالتغذية الراجعةInformation about reactions to a product, a person's performance, or a process, used as a basis for improvement.
- Fixed Price Contractعقد السعر الثابتA type of contract involving a set total price for a defined product, service, or result.
- Float (Slack)الوقت العائم/المرونةThe amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the project finish date.
- Funding Limit Reconciliationالتوفيق بين حدود التمويلThe comparison of the planned expenditure of project funds against any funding limits set for the project.
G
- Gantt Chartمخطط جانتA bar chart of schedule information where activities are listed on the vertical axis, dates are shown on the horizontal axis, and activity durations are shown as horizontal bars.
- Gold Platingالتذهيب/الإضافات غير المطلوبةAdding extra features or functionality to a product or service without customer request or formal approval.
- GovernanceالحوكمةThe framework, functions, and processes that guide project management activities to create value and meet organizational objectives.
I
- Independent Estimatesالتقديرات المستقلةCost estimates developed by an outside party to compare with seller proposals and ensure reasonableness.
- Influence/Impact Gridشبكة التأثير/الأثرA stakeholder classification model grouping stakeholders based on their active involvement and ability to effect project outcomes.
- Information Distributionتوزيع المعلوماتThe process of making relevant information available to project stakeholders in a timely manner.
- InspectionالفحصA formal examination of a work product to determine whether it conforms to documented standards.
- Integrated Change Controlالتحكم المتكامل في التغييراتThe process of reviewing all change requests; approving changes and managing changes to deliverables, organizational process assets, project documents, and the project management plan.
- Issue Logسجل المشكلاتA project document used to track and manage issues that need to be resolved for the project to proceed successfully.
L
- LagالتأخرThe amount of time a successor activity will be delayed with respect to a predecessor activity.
- Late Finish (LF)النهاية المتأخرةThe latest possible point in time when the uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can finish without delaying the project finish date.
- Late Start (LS)البداية المتأخرةThe latest possible point in time when the uncompleted portions of a schedule activity can start without delaying the project finish date.
- LeadالسبقThe amount of time a successor activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor activity.
- Lessons Learnedالدروس المستفادةThe knowledge gained during a project which shows how project events were addressed or should be addressed in the future.
- Lessons Learned Registerسجل الدروس المستفادةA project document used to record knowledge gained during a project so that it can be used in the current project and entered into the lessons learned repository.
M
- Make-or-Buy Analysisتحليل الصنع أو الشراءA technique used to determine whether work or deliverables can best be accomplished by the project team or should be purchased from outside sources.
- Management Reserveالاحتياطي الإداريAn amount of the project budget or project schedule held outside of the performance measurement baseline for management control purposes.
- Meeting Managementإدارة الاجتماعاتThe process of planning, running, and following up on meetings to ensure they are productive and achieve their objectives.
- Milestoneالمعلم/المرحلة الرئيسيةA significant point or event in a project, program, or portfolio.
- Milestone Listقائمة المعالمA document identifying all project milestones and indicating whether they are mandatory or optional.
- Monte Carlo Simulationمحاكاة مونت كارلوAn analysis technique where a computer model is iterated many times to calculate a distribution of possible results.
N
- NegotiationالتفاوضA process of discussion and give-and-take among parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
- Network Pathمسار الشبكةA series of connected activities in a project schedule network diagram.
- NetworkingالتشبيكThe process of interacting with others to exchange information and develop professional or social contacts.
P
- Parametric Estimatingالتقدير البارامتريAn estimating technique that uses a statistical relationship between historical data and other variables to calculate an estimate.
- Pareto Chartمخطط باريتوA histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that shows how many results were generated by type or category of identified cause.
- Performance Reportingالتقارير عن الأداءThe process of collecting and distributing performance information, including status reports and forecasts.
- Phase Gateبوابة المرحلةA review at the end of a phase to determine whether the project should proceed to the next phase.
- Planned Value (PV)القيمة المخططةThe authorized budget assigned to scheduled work to be accomplished for a schedule activity or work breakdown structure component.
- Political Awarenessالوعي السياسيThe understanding of the power dynamics and political environment within and around the project.
- PortfolioالمحفظةProjects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives.
- Power/Interest Gridشبكة القوة/الاهتمامA classification model used for grouping stakeholders based on their level of authority and their level of concern regarding project outcomes.
- Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)طريقة رسم مخطط السبقيةA technique used for constructing a schedule model in which activities are represented by nodes and graphically linked by one or more logical relationships.
- Prevention Costتكلفة الوقايةThe cost of activities specifically designed to prevent poor quality in products or services.
- Preventive Actionالإجراء الوقائيAn intentional activity that ensures the future performance of the project work is aligned with the project management plan.
- Probability and Impact Matrixمصفوفة الاحتمالية والتأثيرA grid for mapping the probability of each risk occurrence and its impact on project objectives if it does occur.
- Procurement Auditsمراجعات المشترياتA structured review of the procurement process from planning through administering the contract.
- Procurement Management Planخطة إدارة المشترياتA component of the project management plan that describes how a project team will acquire goods and services from outside the performing organization.
- Product Analysisتحليل المنتجA method for translating high-level product descriptions into tangible deliverable requirements.
- Product Scopeنطاق المنتجThe features and functions that characterize a product, service, or result.
- ProgramالبرنامجA group of related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually.
- Progressive Elaborationالتفصيل التدريجيThe iterative process of increasing the level of detail in a project management plan as greater amounts of information and more accurate estimates become available.
- ProjectالمشروعA temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
- Project Charterميثاق المشروعA document issued by the project sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities.
- Project Closureإغلاق المشروعThe process of finalizing all activities across the project to formally close the project or phase.
- Project Life Cycleدورة حياة المشروعThe series of phases that a project passes through from its initiation to its closure.
- Project Management Office (PMO)مكتب إدارة المشاريعAn organizational structure that standardizes the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques.
- Project Management Planخطة إدارة المشروعThe document that describes how the project will be executed, monitored and controlled, and closed.
- Project Manager (PM)مدير المشروعThe person assigned by the performing organization to lead the team that is responsible for achieving the project objectives.
- Project Organization Chartالمخطط التنظيمي للمشروعA graphical representation of the project team members and their reporting relationships.
- Project Reportsتقارير المشروعFormal records that provide information on project status, progress, and performance to stakeholders.
- Project Scopeنطاق المشروعThe work performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.
- Project Selectionاختيار المشروعThe process of evaluating and choosing among alternative projects to allocate limited organizational resources.
- Project Sponsorراعي المشروعA senior manager serving as the formal advocate for a project and providing funding, direction, and decision authority.
- Proposal Evaluation Techniquesتقنيات تقييم العروضA set of approaches used to rate or score seller proposals against predefined criteria.
Q
- Quality Auditمراجعة الجودةA structured, independent review to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
- Quality Management Planخطة إدارة الجودةA component of the project management plan that describes how applicable policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
- Quality Policyسياسة الجودةThe organization's stated intentions and direction regarding quality as formally expressed by top management.
R
- Recognition and Rewardsالتقدير والمكافآتProcesses to recognize and reward desirable behavior and performance throughout the project life cycle.
- Requirements Traceability Matrixمصفوفة تتبع المتطلباتA grid that links product requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them.
- Resource Breakdown Structure (RBS)هيكل تفصيل المواردA hierarchical representation of resources by category and type used to categorize resources needed for a project.
- Resource Levelingتسوية المواردA resource optimization technique in which adjustments are made to the project schedule to optimize the allocation of resources.
- Resource Management Planخطة إدارة المواردA component of the project management plan that describes how project resources will be categorized, allocated, managed, and released.
- Resource Requirementsمتطلبات المواردThe types and quantities of resources required for each work package or activity.
- Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)مصفوفة تعيين المسؤولياتA grid that shows the project resources assigned to each work package. RACI chart is a common type.
- Risk Appetiteالرغبة في المخاطرةThe degree of uncertainty an organization or individual is willing to accept in anticipation of a reward.
- Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS)هيكل تفصيل المخاطرA hierarchical representation of potential sources of risks, categorized by risk category.
- Risk Categorizationتصنيف المخاطرThe process of grouping risks by common characteristics such as source, impact area, or response strategy.
- Risk Impactتأثير المخاطرThe effect on project objectives if a risk event occurs, which can be positive or negative.
- Risk Management Planخطة إدارة المخاطرA component of the project management plan that describes how risk management activities will be structured and performed.
- Risk Ownerمالك المخاطرةThe person responsible for monitoring a specific risk and selecting and implementing an appropriate risk response strategy.
- Risk Probabilityاحتمالية المخاطرThe likelihood that a specific risk event will occur.
- Risk Registerسجل المخاطرA repository in which outputs of risk management processes are recorded.
- Risk Response Strategyاستراتيجية الاستجابة للمخاطرThe approach that will be used to address an overall or individual project risk, such as avoid, transfer, mitigate, accept, exploit, share, enhance, or escalate.
- Rolling Wave Planningالتخطيط الموجي المتجددAn iterative planning technique in which the work to be accomplished in the near term is planned in detail.
S
- Salience Modelنموذج البروزA classification model used to identify stakeholders based on their power, urgency, and legitimacy.
- Schedule Performance Index (SPI)مؤشر أداء الجدول الزمنيA measure of schedule efficiency expressed as the ratio of earned value to planned value.
- Schedule Variance (SV)تباين الجدول الزمنيA measure of schedule performance expressed as the difference between the earned value and the planned value.
- Scope Baselineخط الأساس للنطاقThe approved version of a scope statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and its associated WBS dictionary.
- Scope Creepزحف النطاقThe uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope without adjustments to time, cost, and resources.
- Scope Statementبيان النطاقA narrative description of the project scope, major deliverables, assumptions, and constraints.
- Source Selection Criteriaمعايير اختيار المصدرA set of attributes desired by the buyer and used to rate or score seller proposals.
- Stakeholder Analysisتحليل أصحاب المصلحةA technique of systematically gathering and analyzing quantitative and qualitative information to determine whose interests should be taken into account.
- Stakeholder Cubeمكعب أصحاب المصلحةA three-dimensional model that combines multiple stakeholder classification methods into a single representation.
- Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrixمصفوفة تقييم إشراك أصحاب المصلحةA matrix that compares current and desired stakeholder engagement levels to identify gaps and guide engagement strategies.
- Stakeholder Engagement Planخطة إشراك أصحاب المصلحةA component of the project management plan that identifies the strategies and actions required to promote productive involvement of stakeholders.
- Stakeholder Registerسجل أصحاب المصلحةA project document including the identification, assessment, and classification of project stakeholders.
- Statement of Work (SOW)بيان العملA narrative description of products, services, or results to be delivered by the project.
- Statistical Samplingالعينة الإحصائيةThe selection of a subset from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
T
- Team Charterميثاق الفريقA document that establishes the team values, agreements, and operating guidelines for the team.
- Team Performance Assessmentsتقييمات أداء الفريقEvaluations of the project team's effectiveness as a team and the performance of individual team members.
- TestingالاختبارAn organized and constructed investigation conducted to provide objective information about the quality of a product.
- Three-Point Estimatingالتقدير ثلاثي النقاطA technique used to estimate cost or duration by applying an average or weighted average of optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates.
- Time and Material Contractعقد الوقت والموادA type of contract that is a hybrid arrangement containing aspects of both cost-reimbursable and fixed-price contracts.
- To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI)مؤشر أداء الإتمامA measure of the cost performance that must be achieved with the remaining resources in order to meet a specified management goal.
- Total Floatالوقت العائم الكليThe amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed from its early start date without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint.
- TrainingالتدريبActivities designed to enhance the competencies of team members and stakeholders.
V
- Validate Scopeالتحقق من صحة النطاقThe process of formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables.
- Variance at Completion (VAC)التباين عند الاكتمالA projection of the amount of budget deficit or surplus, expressed as the difference between the budget at completion and the estimate at completion.
- Verified Deliverableالتسليم المتحقق منهA project deliverable that has been checked and confirmed for correctness through the Control Quality process.
- Virtual Teamالفريق الافتراضيA group of people with a shared goal who fulfill their roles with little or no time spent meeting face to face.
W
- WBS Dictionaryقاموس هيكل تجزئة العملA document that provides detailed deliverable, activity, and scheduling information about each component in the work breakdown structure.
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)هيكل تجزئة العملA hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables.